Is there any prove from the Sunnah or ijtihad of the Sahaba that the praying (salat)
of a woman is on some points different from the man, like it is in the Hanafi
madhhab?
Praise be to Allah.
The general principle is that women are equal to men in all religious rulings,
because of the hadeeth "Women are the twin halves of men" (Reported
by Imaam Ahmad and classified as saheeh in Saheeh al-Jaami’ 1983), except
when there is evidence (daleel) of a specific ruling which applies only to women.
One of the cases in which the scholars mention specific rules for women is prayer,
where there are differences as follows:
- Women do not have to give adhaan or iqaamah,
because adhaan requires raising the voice, which women are not permitted to
do. Ibn Qudaamah, may Allaah have mercy on him, said: "We know of no
difference between the scholars (on this point)." (Al-Mughni
ma’a al-Sharh al-Kabeer, 1/438).
- All of the woman’s body is ‘awrah
and must be covered during prayer, except for her face, because the Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
"No prayer will be accepted from an adult woman unless she wears a khimaar
(head-cover). (Reported by the five Muhadditheen)
There is some dispute as to whether her heels and feet should be covered.
The author of al-Mughni (2/328) said: "As for the rest of the free woman’s
body, it must be covered during prayer. If any part becomes uncovered, it
renders her prayer invalid, except if only a little bit is uncovered. Maalik,
al-Oozaa’i and al-Shaafi’i said the same.
- The woman should keep her limbs close
to her body during rukoo’ and sujood, and not spread them out, because
this is more modest and covering. (Al-Mughni 2/258). Al-Nawawi
said: "Al-Shaafi’i said, in al-Mukhtasar: there is no difference
between men and women in prayer, except that women should keep the parts of
their bodies close to one another, and they should make their stomachs touch
their thighs during sujood. This is more covering and preferable, in rukoo’
and the rest of the prayer too." (See al-Majmoo’
3/429).
- It is preferable for women to pray in
congregation, led by one of their number, because the Prophet
(peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) told Umm Waraqah to lead the women
of her household in prayer. There is some difference among scholars on this
matter. (See al-Mughni, 2/202 and al-Majmoo’ al-Nawawi,
4/84-85). The woman leading the prayer should read aloud
as long as no non-mahram man can hear her.
- It is permissible for women to go out
and pray in the mosque with men, although their prayer at home is better for
them, because the Prophet (peace and blessings
of Allaah be upon him) said: "Do not prevent the women from going out
to the mosques, even though their homes are better for them." (For
more details on this matter, see Question#973).
- Imaam al-Nawawi, may Allaah have mercy
on him, said (al-Majmoo’ 3/455):
"Women differ from men in congregational prayer in a number of ways:
(1) Congregational prayer is not required
of them in the same way as it is of men.
(2) The imam of a group of women stands in the middle of the (first) row.
(3) (If one woman and one man are praying), she should stand behind him, not
next to him.
(4) If women are praying in rows behind men, the back rows are better for
them than the front rows.
What we can learn from the above is that
women and men are forbidden to mix. Allaah is our Helper and Support.