When the traveller prays behind a non-traveller, he has to offer the prayer in full, whether he catches up with the entire prayer or just one rak’ah, or less. Al-Athram said: I asked Abu ‘Abd-Allah (i.e., Imam Ahmad) about the traveller: should he join in the tashahhud of residents? He said: He should pray four rak’ahs. That was narrated from Ibn ‘Umar, Ibn ‘Abbas and a number of the Tabi’een, and was also the view of al-Shafa’i and Abu Haneefah.
The evidence for that is:
1 – The words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): “The imam is appointed to be followed, so do not differ from him.” Narrated by al-Bukhari, 722; Muslim, 4141.
2 – The report narrated by Ahmad from Ibn ‘Abbas, that it was said to him: “Why does the traveller pray two rak’ahs when he is alone and four when he follows an imam who is a resident (non-traveller)?” He said: “That is the Sunnah” – meaning that it is the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Classed as saheeh by al-Albani in Irwa’ al-Ghaleel, 571.
3 – This is what ‘Abd-Allah ibn ‘Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) did. Nafi’ said: When Ibn ‘Umar prayed with the imam he would pray four rak’ahs and when he prayed on his own he would pray two. Narrated by Muslim.
And Shaykh Ibn ‘Uthaymeen said:
If the traveller prays with an imam then he has to offer the prayer in full, because of the general meaning of the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): “The imam is appointed to be followed.” And because the Sahabah (may Allah be pleased with them) used to pray behind the caliph ‘Uthman ibn ‘Affan during Hajj in Mina, and he used to lead them in praying four rak’ahs so they offered four rak’ahs with him.
Similarly if the traveller joins the prayer when the imam is offering the last two rak’ahs, after the imam says the salam he has to stand up and complete his prayer, making it four rak’ahs, because of the general meaning of the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): “Whatever you catch up with, pray, what whatever you miss, complete it.” Narrated by al-Bukhari, 635; Muslim, 603. In this case the person’s prayer is connected to the imam, so he has to follow the imam even with regard to whatever he missed of the prayer.
If a person used to pray two rak’ahs behind a non-travelling imam in the past, then he has to repeat the four-rak’ah prayers in which he did that. He does not have to offer them all in one go. He should try to work out the number of prayers involved and repeat them.
Liqa’ al-Bab al-Maftooh, p. 40-41.