Praise be to Allah.
Sickness is one of the excuses which make it permissible not to fast. Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“and whoever is ill or on a journey, the same number [of days which one did not observe Sawm (fasts) must be made up] from other days”
[al-Baqarah 2:185]
The ruling on a sick person fasting is that it is either makrooh or haraam. It is makrooh if fasting is difficult for him when he is sick, and it is haraam if fasting will harm him.
For more information on this, please see question no. 50555 and 38532.
A sick person should not stop fasting unless a trustworthy doctor who specializes in that disease testifies that he should do so; some scholars stipulated that the doctor should also be a Muslim.
If a person does not fast on the advice of a doctor, there is no sin on him. If it is a chronic – permanent – disease then he may not fast and he should feed one poor person for each day. If it is a temporary sickness, then he may break the fast and make it up after he recovers.
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Azeez ibn Baaz (may Allaah have mercy on him) said:
If specialist doctors determine that this sickness of yours is one for which there is no hope of a cure, then you must feed one poor person for every day of Ramadaan, and you do not have to fast. The measure of that (food to be given) is half a saa’ of the local staple food, whether it is dates, rice or something else. If you invite a poor person for a meal, lunch or dinner, that is sufficient. But if the doctor determines that there is hope for recovery from your sickness, then you do not have to feed a poor person, rather you have to make up the missed fasts when Allaah grants you healing from that disease, because Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“and whoever is ill or on a journey, the same number [of days which one did not observe Sawm (fasts) must be made up] from other days”
[al-Baqarah 2:185]
I ask Allaah to bless you with healing from all ills and to make what has befallen you a purification and an expiation from sin, and to enable you to be patient and seek reward, for He is the best One to be asked. End quote.
Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn Baaz (15/221).
It seems to us from the question that the father of the sick woman did not commit any sin, because he only kept her from fasting on the basis of medical advice.
The scholars of the Standing Committee for Issuing Fatwas were asked:
I fell sick with kidney disease and I had two operations. The doctors advised me to drink water night and day, no less than two and a half litres every day. They also told me that fasting and refraining from drinking water for three consecutive hours would expose me to danger. Should I follow their advice, or should I put my trust in Allaah and fast, even though they told me that I have the potential to develop kidney stones? Or what should I do? If I do not fast, what is the expiation I have to give?
They replied:
If the matter is as you described, and these doctors are highly skilled in medicine, then what is prescribed is for you not to fast, so as to protect your health and ward off harm from yourself. Then if you recover and are able to make up the fasts without any hardship, you have to make them up, but if the sickness that has befallen you continues or there is the danger of your developing kidney stones if you do not continually drink water, and the doctors have determined that there is no hope of recovery from that, then you have to feed one poor person for every day that you do not fast. End quote.
Shaykh ‘Abd al-‘Azeez ibn Baaz, Shaykh ‘Abd al-Razzaaq ‘Afeefi, Shaykh ‘Abd-Allaah ibn Ghadyaan, Shaykh ‘Abd-Allaah ibn Munay’.
Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa’imah (10/179, 180)
If the sister who is sick feels that she is able to fast without that affecting her eye, then there is nothing wrong with her fasting, but she should do that in consultation with trustworthy doctors, lest she be deceived by her appearing to be well, but that fasting affects the health of her eye.
As for her making up the days that she did not fast in the past, it seems that she does not have to do that, and it is sufficient for her to feed one poor person for every day, because she refrained from fasting on the basis of medical advice.
Shaykh Ibn Baaz (may Allaah have mercy on him) was asked about a person who was affected by a chronic disease and the doctors advised him never to fast, but he consulted doctors in another country and was healed by Allaah’s leave. Five Ramadaans have passed and he did not fast. What should he do after Allaah has healed him? Should he make them up or not?
He replied:
If the doctors who advised him never to fast were Muslims, trustworthy and familiar with this sickness, and they told him that there was no hope of recovery for him, then he does not have to make it up, and it is sufficient for him to feed poor persons (one for every day missed), but he has to fast in the future.
Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn Baaz (15/355).
To sum up:
There is no sin on her parents for what they did by making their daughter not fast on the basis of medical advice, but she has to pay the fidyah (ransom) by feeding one poor person for every day that she did not fast after she reached puberty. If trustworthy, specialist doctors determine that she is able to fast now, with no hardship or fear of harm, then she must fast Ramadaan, and she has no excuse for not fasting. And if she wants to observe voluntary fasts then there is nothing wrong with that.
And Allaah knows best.
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