If someone is not certain that dawn has broken, then he may eat until he is certain. If he knows that the Mu’adhdhin gives Adhan ahead of time, or he is not sure whether he is giving it on time or ahead of time, then he may eat until he is certain. However, it is safer for him to stop (eating and drinking) as soon as he hears the Adhan.

If you intend to make up the Ramadan fasts on consecutive days, then you must form the intention for each day according to the majority of scholars.

Artificial insemination procedures, whether they are done inside or outside the body, and implanting embryos in the uterus, do not spoil the woman’s fast. But it is better for the woman to avoid doing that during Ramadan if possible, so as to guard her fast and avoid any areas of doubt.